For the PC software, I believe the most elegant solution here would be leverage the existing UPS and Battery monitoring code on XP. This code will report on battery vs main, and also initiate shutdown in the event of a low battery condition.
As for hardware, if we think of the car in terms of a giant UPS, collect this information, and then provide it to the PC via USB with a standard UPS HID format, we get most of this for free.
I would think of the system as follows: (Remember this is an abstraction)
Car Battery = UPS Battery
Car Alternator = Battery Charger,Utility Power
DC-DC Power Supply = UPS Inverter
We could than make a board that provides the following functions
#0 - Car Start
#1 - Measure Battery Voltage
#2 - If battery voltage is at a safe level(preset by the user), turn on the inverter (Power Supply)
#3 - If Battery Voltage is less then a preset value (13.0?) for a small amount of time then the System is "On Battery" otherwise it is "On Utility".
#4 - If "On Battery" measure battery drain current (Note: You could also do this step instead of #2 and consider "On Battery" if a positive current drain, and "On Main" if a negative current drain.
#5 - Using a look-up table specific to your car's battery, calculate battery charge state and battery time remaining.
#6 - If the battery time remaining value from step #4 is below a set value, then report a "Low Battery" condition.
#7 - Make all this information available to XP via USB in a format that makes XP believe it is connected to a UPS.
#8 - If the Battery time remaining has expired, then shut off the inverter (Hopefully XP has shutdown before this point).
This could be a starting point, it would also need to work with the PC power supply to prevent conflicts in overlapping functionality.



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